One such example is the rise of "race realism." Race Realism is a pseudo scientific theory that purports that there are distinct genetic differences between the different races that explain how and why Whites are superior to blacks. Because race realism is based on a scientific method, you find that many followers of this theory attempt to be more cordial and present their racism as fact as opposed to opinion.
Recently I engaged a follower of this theory in debate on a message board from a blog dedicated to this new movement of scientific racism. The following is my most recent response as the message board was not really the best place to have a civil debate on race being that most of the posters were simply throwing rocks from the background and taking away from any sort of civil discussion of this theory. You will have to excuse the fact that some of it will seem slightly out of context, but god willing a few of those people will post here and we can continue the discussion without the nuisance of ignorant people with little to add. His comments are in white block while my responses are in black.
Californian, your effort to actually engage in a civil discussion as opposed to namecalling and nonsense has inspired me to respond. Thank you. This will be lengthy, but I hope you take the time to read it. I will try my best to respond to your statements and give concession and credit where it is warranted.
“So now who is judging an entire group, etc., etc?
Have you bothered to check out the backgrounds of race realists? How do you know that they live in log cabins, or do not have a "life" or access to books?”
Have you bothered to check out the backgrounds of race realists? How do you know that they live in log cabins, or do not have a "life" or access to books?”
After spending more time on the site and observing the candor of some of the responders, it became clear that although a few individuals were clearly addressing this issue from an academic and reason based stance, there were plenty of the usual stereotypes of fringe racists along for the ride.
I looked up race realism. After doing a little research and seeing a handful of merited scholars and professors, you also see names like David Duke mixed in. So obviously there is definitely some element of the classic ugly image of the old uneducated white racist involved here. Is it unfair and inaccurate to group you in with the cabin dwellers, probably. But you cant disavow the people you share ideals with any more than I can the people you see on worldstar hip hop. All I can do is represent myself as best as I can. Which, I must say you have which is why I have bothered to respond.
Still for the sake of making sure this discussion stays focused I will apologize for my crassness and pledge to avoid it when possible as we continue this discussion.
“Why is sticking the term "racists" enough to cause you to dismiss the opportunity for dialog? Supposing one were to say they were not going to waste time debating an "egalitarian?"
What if it turns out that the "racists" are correct? Do you suppress facts which conflict with your ideological assumptions? And treat dissidents from the current egalitarian orthodoxy as heretics?
Do you support the violation of civil rights by, say, censoring people who might exercise their free speech rights to promote a race realist viewpoint on college campuses or in the media?”
Sticking out the term racist was a shorthanded way of expressing that you cannot argue with people so set in their ideology that their first instinct is to denigrate and insult you without even attempting to respond to your opinion. Is this not the same way you feel when you try to civily present your belief and people respond with ignorance? Would you go to an urban media message board and waste time arguing with people who didn’t respond civily? If you read my first post you have to acknowledge that although smarmy it was not insulting or ugly and the responses that followed were mostly geared toward scaring me away, insulting my intelligence and my people, etc. None of them outside of 1 made any significant attempt to engage in debate on an intelligent or civil level. Because of this I assumed what most would assume in my position; I was dealing with kids/trolls/idiots whose main goal was to attack me. At that point it became clear that formulating a thoughtful or serious response would be a waste of time. That is part of the reason why you are reading this here and not on that other site.
As for the suppression of “race realism” I think you over estimate the validity of your claims. People don’t entertain these theories for the same reason that they don’t entertain 911 truthers or alien abductee testimonials. We have been through these arguments countless times, for every shred of info or fact that supports the claims there is a mountain of info that refutes it.
The bottom line is that this “race realism” stuff is flawed science where the end result is decided before hand and all of the research and studying done is done only for the purpose of finding the desired result and not to look for truth. But more on this later.
“When whites (or others) have tried to dissent from the prevailing party line on race, they have been shouted down, lost their jobs, been subjected to lawsuits, seen their conferences canceled, been physically assaulted, and even had the SWAT teams come after them. The thing is, trying to hold a civil dialog on race just does not seem to work in these decadent days. This is one reason that race realists often sound a tad extreme in their rhetoric. Because being civil is not an option.”
Again you are playing victim and greatly blowing things out of proportion here. Please however share some examples of when civil and nonviolent people from your ideology were unfairly persecuted or legally/violently attacked by a real authority. Hell, share some examples of some true attempts as civil discourse where you all don’t rally in the middle of a black metropolitan area and shout racial epithets. Although I am sure that there have been cases where there may have been violence and arrests when people like yourself try to congregate and promote your ideals, there are plenty of other instances where you all congregate without issue. Its just usually within your own communities where no one disagrees with you and there is no reason to spark chaos. The truth is no one cares enough to really engage you all at the level you all exist in. There are rallies and meetings for your ilk all the time that go off without hitch so don’t act like you are some severely persecuted group just trying to politely get your message across. You think you are persecuted because that is the only time anyone pays any attention; most of the time you are simply ignored until you do something crazy or inflammatory which is what you all are most notable for.
Your ilk exists in very small numbers and in very remote places. A large portion of people who share your opinions are not really the type of people who are prone to civil discussion. Its well known and documented that “hate” groups recruit wayward troubled youth because people with a better grip on life tend not to have so much disgust towards others. When you all come to major cities where your opinions are in a minority the wild cards in your congregation get everyone in trouble.
People like you lose their jobs because in the real world that everyone else lives in, disliking or disparaging individual people based of perceived attributes of their race or culture (ie-bigotry) is usually frowned upon and does not make for a productive working environment. Its well within an employer, or convention center, or news papers rights to avoid topics and people who will at best annoy and at worst incite anger and violence.
Btw a civil dialogue is not one where you take to the streets with racial slurs and hate speech on either side. Nor is it a situation where you present a highly insulting opinion of a small minority to a group of people as if it were gospel, or come to the table with no solution to the problem or any semblance of an want to solve it outside of “sending the blacks back to Africa” A civil conversation has to start from a place of mutual respect and understanding or there is little chance of civility and its goal has to be a reasonable solution not an extreme fringe one that defies realism. A civil dialogue is what you and I are having here… kinda…you know minus the other 20 comments that serve as nothing but insults to me.
Any dialogue about race in this country has always had one side coming to the table with a lack of civility and a rock in their hand, and yes that does include black people. Now hopefully I can stop hearing the classical logical fallacy of “black people are racist too” as if that explains or justifies ignorance on either side. So please don’t act like civil dialogue has occurred and failed because it has not even begun yet. The truth is that few people on either side posses either the civility or knowledge of the subject to really discuss the issue, and if they did they would likely find it difficult to speak with their peers throwing rocks across the table in the middle of the discussion. This is why I initially was pleased with this site because although I vehemently disagree with its stance, at least it was based on a practical and logical framework when compared to other sites with similar opinions. At a minimum that meant that although fringe and extreme, some here are on some level open to intellectual dialogue and that is a start. This of course was before the insults began.
I too would love to have such dialogue in a public forum, but that is not realistic. I hope you are not insulted by this; however, your ideals are in the same category as Nambla, and 911 truthers, and The westboro Baptist church. They are the ideals of a fringe society that have little place in the common civil discourse And as such they illicit a significant emotional response from those ill equipped to engage intellectually. So doing this before a mixed crowd or a crowd of any kind is only useful for creating turmoil.
“What this site does, among other things, is record trends which demonstrate the systemic discrimination against white people and then provides a reasoned analysis.”
Reasoned analysis is very much a stretch. This site scours the net to find cesspools like worldstar hip hop so that it can present sensational and outlandish stories as evidence for a race wide issue. The analysis again starts with an idea in mind and pulls everything possible toward that opinion while leaving out anything that could be used against it. For example, in one article the site author decries the Rooney rule as an example of racist dogma. However he fails to point out that considering the makeup of the NFL, there is absolutely no logical reason why there would not have been more African American coaches. Furthermore he excluded the fact that after the Rooney rule helped promote the hiring of minority candidates many of them found great success with their new found opportunities. This site is selective reasoning at its best. But at least it attempts reasoning.
“And it does give many people cause for concern to see the high rates of black-on-white violent crime, all of which is generally ignored by the media and government when it comes time to prosecute for "hate crimes."
“And it does give many people cause for concern to see the high rates of black-on-white violent crime, all of which is generally ignored by the media and government when it comes time to prosecute for "hate crimes."
What high rates of Black on white crime? What statistics do you have to prove that? Or are you spending too much time watching world star hiphop. This is not to say that there are not crimes against whites committed by blacks, but the image you purport is just not based on anything factual.
According to the dept of justice 86% of white murders are committed by white people. Black America has a disproportionate problem with violence and crime, but in truth the victims are almost always other black people. Your “concern” is misguided as you are much more likely to be victimized by someone that looks like you than someone who looks like me.
The truth is that the slave mentality that most black criminals have would make them far too scared to consistently try to commit crimes upon white people. Their self hate however makes it very easy for them to attack their own. Seriously how many black youth gangs or drug dealers are active in white communities? Statistics AND common sense say that this is where the bulk of black crime comes from. Again you are dealing in untruths and exaggerations much like the site as a whole.
“Those of us who have experience in Africa might also note how in countries in which blacks are a majority, whites are systemically driven from their lands and jobs, as well as subjected to some really unpleasant torture killings. Again, all with little in the way of notice from those who normally trumpet "racism" and "genocide" when a black is the target of, say, an inopportune use of certain forbidden words.”
I cannot speak confidently on race relations in Africa. I am confident however that the same statistics remain constant in that more than likely the victims of African Violence are often other Africans. Also, to be blunt most countries in Africa are recently independent from white imperialistic occupation. To say they are driven from their land as if it wasn’t stolen years prior is yet another example of your narrow scope selectively presenting facts. That said, because of recent release of imperialistic rule and the residual effects of such, Africa (and to a lesser extent black America) is the equivalent to a recovering rape victim and as such lacks proper functionality on almost any real level.
However again I want to point out that you are cherry picking acts and presenting them as the norm. If I were to do that I could have a litany of offenses past and present from white people. However I have enough sense to recognize that those who act in a violent or hateful way towards me based on race are very much the minority. Also, I don’t need to use such weak tactics to prove my point.
“Might there not be a cause for concern with the much ballyhooed prediction that whites will be a minority in America by the mid-21st century?”
I guess you guys need to start breeding more then huh. In all seriousness what is the real complaint here and furthermore what exactly do you expect to do about it? Are you going to kill us… really? You do know that if this is the case it will be Mexicans and not Blacks who make up the majority. Is white America that fearful of living in a world where they do not dominate? Do you all expect people of color to exact revenge for prior offenses against us. This point just seems silly in my opinion; i ask you to elaborate the cause for concern here before I put more effort into a rebuttal.
“It gets back to the phrase Black Run America (BRA). This does not mean that blacks literally run the country, but that the country is run as if blacks are a privileged class. They not only receive legal privileges (affirmative action, minority grants, etc., etc), but special protections (from "hate crimes"), as well as near mandatory deference (try questioning MLK and see how long your job would last).”
The BRA term is ridiculous on several levels but ill have to come back to that along with AA, minority grants etc. The hate crime thing is easily dealt with as it (much like Affirmative Action) is not a black only law and although the media doesn’t report on it, it does not mean that blacks have been exempt from the law again you are exaggerating/cherry picking. The media is a manipulative and crooked entity that presents an image that works best for social cohesion and only puts out news that gets the type of attention and messages they desire. So yes they do shamelessly ignore black hate crimes, but they ignore all kinds of things on so many sides of the coin that your point is rendered toothless as it can be countered with countless examples of equal treatment from countless angles.
Similarly, questioning MLK is probably just as detrimental to your career as question George Washington or 911 victims, or any other sacred cow in this country. It seems that what some of you want more than anything is to be a jerk who gets to spout their opinion to anyone who is in earshot and be immune to the consequences of being a loudmouth with an unpopular opinion. This why the image of your ilk is often log cabin Appalachian mountain dwellers, because out there you can say whatever you want and no one cares. You opinion is unpopular for a reason and its not because everyone else is so stupid or so wrong.
“If there is anything that has pushed people into race realism, it is this sort of statement: blacks blaming whites for their problems.
"If "race is just a construct" then how can the fact that people with white skin did something to people with black skin centuries ago possibly have any impact on what is happening today?”
"If "race is just a construct" then how can the fact that people with white skin did something to people with black skin centuries ago possibly have any impact on what is happening today?”
Here is where we get to some actual meat.
First, my point in saying that race is a construct is to show that something that as artificial as race/skin color cannot be used to explain things like IQ and behavior on a wide scale. Although I am certain that there are genetic elements attached to behavior, there is very little in the way of credible science to say that it is based on race as there is essentially no such thing. Im sure you are going to bring up Rushton, whose work i assume you got most of you nonsense from, but his studies and theories have been greatly disputed and refuted by pretty much everyone in his field on countless levels except for the fringe “racialist” that severly lack objectivity. But we will come back to him.
Secondly, and most significantly is this. The impact made “hundred of years ago” (slavery ended less than 150 years ago im not sure that counts as “hundreds” furthermore the civil rights act is about 50 years old so were not talking about a long period of time that we have had rights in the country) was not upon black people but upon black culture. It is the culture of black people that is the culprit for our ills not our genetic code. This is not a cop out or excuse, in fact it is a great indictment upon many elements of what is considered black America. We celebrate our victimization, we fear progress, we champion ignorance, we resist authority and we lack focus and motivation and we accept failure. However its not because of our genetic code its because of our shared perception and history. Once EVERYONE figures this out we can fix things but there are forces inside and outside of the black community that hold this back.
Culture, values, and mores are what make groups of people who they are. White culture is greatly influenced by the principles and history of the Germanic Nordic north. Although Nordic culture had elements of positive family values and community, its greatest asset was its stance on warfare and its ruthless attitude toward outsiders and others who may pose a threat or have something of value. As such Vikings were known to be ruthless, violent, and heartless to anyone deemed an outsider. These principles guide every great white civilization which is why countless genocides have taken place over the history of time and almost always include white participants.
Its funny that the same Darwinesque pseudo science presented by racialists like Rushton were also used to attack the Irish a few hundred years ago. Now if I were a racist and an idiot I would use this to say “well it must be in white peoples genetic code to be evil towards anyone deemed an outsider” but its more responsible and productive to realize that it’s a cultural tie and not a racial one, and that I should not walk around in fear of being killed or persecuted by every white person. Unlike race and genes, culture can be changed.
That said, consider that outside of Egypt (kinda), there is no trace of African culture that was not tainted or destroyed by white imperialism except for indegnous tribes that remain completely unaffected by the rest of the world. The Berlin conference in the 1800s was the first formal agreement that Africa would be looted and plunder by those who could, but before then Europe had long since colonized and tainted black people with many of the traits that we see today. Slavery in America is just a different version of this. It is this culture born through slavery and imperialism that is most indicative of why Black people are fucked up world wide. The problem is self esteem.
The core requirement for imperialism and slavery was to establish the fact that black people were not really human. How else could it be possible to reconcile these heinous acts with Christian beliefs? Consequentially, it was perfectly fine to use them as slave labor or kill them off all together. That principle was instilled into the perpetrators of slavery/imperialism, and it was also driven home into slaves/Africans for GENERATIONS.
Being born black in a white world is to automatically be born lesser.
It is this internal feeling of being lesser, this dehumanization that serves as the core defining principle of black culture worldwide. If you look at any culture that is stricken with systematic poverty or has been tainted by generational violence or war, the common thread is that the people within think very little of themselves in comparison to people whose history and cultural lineage presents a positive image of self. This is true for war ravaged areas of the middle east, eastern Europe, Asia and of course Africa. The average terrorist is illiterate and poor, how hard is it for them to strap a bomb to their chest if they have shit else to live for? The crime, poverty, poor health, and lack of education only produce more crap and suddenly you have cultural norms that are detrimental both to the people of said culture and also those immediately around it.
I have spent a lot of time working with the types of inner city youth that are likely to commit crime. The thing I realized about most of them is that they have no hopes, no dreams, and no aspirations for anything in life other than numbing their own pain or inflicting it upon others. Deep down inside these are angry, depressed, self hating individuals who perceive the world to be a cutthroat and ugly place that has nothing positive for them and wants nothing more than their death. You can see this motif reflected in rap music which is also a small part of the problem. However, if you can give them hope, give them something to live for and something to look up too then they are able to make some changes. It is a slow process and one that can only be fixed internally which is why I am not a fan of welfare but things like minority grants and Affirmative action help multiply the opportunities to do so.
As for white peoples role in this, it may not have been your hands, but recognize that the social structure you rely upon is responsible for this situation. If you beat a dog for years when it turns on you, you cant blame it on the dogs nature because you altered it with your abuse. AGAIN this is not to say that black people are without responsibility in this situation. But understanding this on both sides, is the most important step to change.
So to answer your question, the instillation of the slave mentality by White people is the core issue why a few decades of quasi equality (Again, lets not be ridiculous and act like the civil rights movement didn’t just happen 50 years ago, something some of you guys don’t seem to get)and “handouts” haven’t dramatically changed black people. Cultural shifts take generations, we are basically just entering the first generation of African Americans who will grow up without genuine fear of overt racism. I don’t know how many more generations it may take, but statistics show that improvement is already underway.
“How do you account for increasing black dysfunctions, such as the growing rates of illegitimacy, school drop outs, black men in prison, flash mob violence against other races, etc? These are far in excess of the rates for other races in the USA, and can be correlated to genetic factors such as median IQ levels.”
Again we have falsehoods and exaggerations at work. First off where do you get the notion that all of those things are increasing? I simply googled “black drop out rate decreasing” and found that it in fact has decreased over the last 20 years, same thing for teenage mothers and black men in prison and the flash mob thing is coming right out of your behind straight from worldstar hip hop. Now don’t get me wrong, things are still screwed up and disproportionate, but your exaggeration speaks to the fallaciousness of your overall stance. As I said before, in the end it comes down to the culture that breeds this behavior, as the culture changes, the people will change.
“Then explain why blacks have the highest standards of living, education rates, levels of economic development, etc., in the USA (slavery-segregation) and South Africa (imperialism-apartheid)?
White South Africans busted their humps to provide blacks with education, hospitals, functional homelands, and various amenities of civilization. Why not compare life under apartheid with life under a Mobutu or Idi Amin or Shaka Zulu?”
Through what measure can you ascertain that blacks enjoy a higher standard of living than anyone else? Same thing in South Africa. Have you seen the neighborhoods that these people live in, how is that a high standard of living?
And where do you get this “busted their humps” nonsense? Im starting to regret engaging you at all as I don’t know if you have a basis in reality. Under Aparthied white people relocated (often with force) Africans to infertile remote and poverty stricken areas and made it illegal for them to go anywhere or do anything without special permission passes that were almost impossible to get and even harder to maintain. How can you intelligently skip that part, next thing youll be telling me that slavery was just black people working for free to pay for their boat fare to America. And lets not forget that Aparthied has only been gone for less than 20 years not hundreds. How quickly do you expect those types of scars to heal?
“I could point out that many people here had ancestors here who were abolitionists or who served in the Union army or Royal Navy (both of which fought wars against slavery).
If you are going to hold people collectively accountable, then how about showing a little appreciation here? “
Thank you, arbitrary white people on an anti black “racialist” website, for possibly being descendants of people who tried to undo some of the horrors that their peers inflicted upon black people. Im sure if they looked down upon you all today they would be very proud…
“What are those positive things from sub-Saharan Africa? Illiteracy? Lack of development of technology and architecture? Slave raiding?”
Art, trade, communal development, familial and cultural development, relative peace. What you fail to understand is that you are applying white principles born out of the hardship and warfare of nomadic Germanic tribes to African people who never had any need to build a navy or invent guns. I would be a liar if I didn’t admit that white culture was much more advanced, but said advancement is a direct result of cultural principles that were not present in Africans.
For example, either you or another individual used the whole sub Saharan concept as proof that it was black genes that failed sub Sahara Africa. Now although it is slightly inaccurate to call Egyptians “Black” by our current standards, you would be a fool to attempt to say that their genetic markers did not put them well into the Black category. Their skin on average was likely much darker than President Obama’s is. The thing that made them form into the great civilization that they were was the combination of hardships from desert living, and the fertility and usefulness of the Nile. It was not their Arabic, African, Asian, or Italian genes.
In the essentially tropical and bountiful sub sahara Africa, there was no hardship to serve as the cornerstone for civilization. Because of this African people stagnated compared to other areas of the world.
“Explain to me why Rhodesia, under white rule, could be a functioning society, one which exported food and maintained a general civility. Yet under black majority rule Zimbabwe has become a failed state presided over by a police state regime). Same environment, same people, but the difference is one between white and black rule.”
The Kingdoms that make up modern Zimbabwe were relatively peaceful and functional for hundreds of years. They maintained trade and a functioning kingdom they even got into that architecture thing you mentioned earlier. After a while white people with guns show up, kill a bunch of people, take their stuff and push them off their land. After 100 or so years of fighting they finally leave. Since then (again 20 years ago) everything has been messed up. Explain to me how this proves your point and not mine? I look forward to your response.
tl;dr
ReplyDeleteThough one early garbage assertion caught my eye:
Please however share some examples of when civil and nonviolent people from your ideology were unfairly persecuted or legally/violently attacked by a real authority.
The American Renaissance conference was hounded from hotel to hotel by unlawful threats of violence for two years in a row, and the First Amendment violations were endorsed (and likely orchestrated) by the (Black) Charlotte City Councilman Patrick Black.
Until Black America has thrown Patrick Black and everyone who endorses his anti-First Amendment views out of public life, you neither have a case nor have an argument against race-realists.
Went ahead and read your link. You guys are confusing being unpopular to being persecuted. Its shameful that some received death threats, but if a company doesnt want to be associated with your nonsense you cant accuse them of persecuting you. Persecution would be disallowing you to meet anywhere and abolishing your right to congregate in the first place. If Sheraton doesnt want to hold a convention for a racists group they dont have too. Im sure they wouldnt hold a nambla or pimp convention either.
ReplyDeleteYou guys are confusing being unpopular to being persecuted.
ReplyDeleteYou confuse being unpopular (like La Raza and MEchA) with being unable to even rent private convention space and hold events (like American Renaissance).
if a company doesnt want to be associated with your nonsense you cant accuse them of persecuting you.
The company was more than happy until the external threats came in, and those who made the threats were never punished nor even thoroughly investigated.
Have you compared this against what's been done to so-called "racists" or "islamophobes"? Nope, because it shreds your claims and proves you a moron.
You asked for scientific proof of the biological and genetic differences between blacks and everyone else. Here you go. This may take several posts.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.eje-online.org/content/early/2011/09/22/EJE-11-0551.abstract
SERUM SEX STEROIDS MEASURED IN MIDDLE-AGED EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN-CARIBBEAN MEN USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY
1. Frank Giton,
2. Jean Fiet⇓,
3. Jean-Nicolas Cornu,
4. Olivier Cussenot,
5. Alain Bélanger,
6. Saîk Urien,
7. Alejandro Oliva,
8. Pascal Blanchet and
9. Luc Multigner
+ Author Affiliations
1.
F Giton, CIB GHU Sud, AP-HP, Créteil, France
2.
J Fiet, CRC, INSERM U955 eq07, Créteil, France
3.
J Cornu, Department of Urology, AP-HP, Paris, France
4.
O Cussenot, Department of Urology, AP-HP, Paris, France
5.
A Bélanger, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Quebec city, Canada
6.
S Urien, Clinical Research Unit, INSERM, Paris, France
7.
A Oliva, Unidad de Andrologia, Rosario, Argentina
8.
P Blanchet, Department of Urology, Pointe-Ă -Pitre, France
9.
L Multigner, U625, INSERM, Pointe-Ă -Pitre, France
1. Correspondence: Jean Fiet, Email: fiet@univ-paris12.fr
Abstract
Background. Differences in circulating steroid hormone levels have been hypothesized to explain ethnic differences in steroid-related diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of a wide panel of steroid hormones, both androgens and estrogens, in healthy middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men.
Design and methods. Serum steroid hormone levels were determined in men participating in a systematic public health study funded by the French National Health Insurance system. Blood was collected in the morning from 304 healthy African-Caribbean and European men aged between 40 and 69. Serum steroids were measured by mass spectrometry-gas chromatography, except for dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and sex hormone-binding globulin, which were determined by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed in 10-year age intervals by analysis of covariance, with adjustment for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and season of sampling.
Results. Compared with Europeans, African-Caribbean men presented significantly higher serum levels of measured bioavailable testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and estrone whatever the age group, of 5-androstenediol in those 40 to 49 and 50 to 59, and of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in those aged 40 to 49. In contrast, European men aged 40 to 69 showed significantly higher serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
Conclusions. Significant differences in serum steroid hormone levels were observed in middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men. Whether such differences could contribute to ethnic differences in disease risk in adult men remains to be investigated. Some steroids, such as bioavailable testosterone, 4-androstenedione, 5-androstenediol, and estrone deserve particular attention.
* Received 21 June 2011
* Revision received 27 August 2011
* Accepted 21 September 2011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3455741
ReplyDeleteNational Cancer Inst. 1986
Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men.
Ross R, Bernstein L, Judd H, Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B.
Abstract
Blacks in the United States have the highest prostate cancer rate in the world and nearly twice that of whites in the United States. The 2:1 black-to-white ratio in prostate cancer rates is already apparent at age 45 years, the age at which the earliest prostate cancer cases occur. This finding suggests that the factor(s) responsible for the difference in rates occurs, or first occurs, early in life. Testosterone has been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer, because testosterone and its metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, are the principal trophic hormones that regulate growth and function of epithelial prostate tissue. This report gives the results of assays of circulating steroid hormone levels in white and black college students in Los Angeles, CA. Mean testosterone levels in blacks were 19% higher than in whites, and free testosterone levels were 21% higher. Both these differences were statistically significant. Adjustment by analysis of covariance for time of sampling, age, weight, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and use of prescription drugs somewhat reduced the differences. After these adjustments were made, blacks had a 15% higher testosterone level and a 13% higher free testosterone level. A 15% difference in circulating testosterone levels could readily explain a twofold difference in prostate cancer risk.
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http://tinyurl.com/2a3qmpd
Testosterone and ruthless homicide
James M. Dabbs, Jr., Jasmin K. Riadb and Susan E. Chancea
Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Georgia, Atlanta, GA30303, USA
9 July 2001.
Abstract
Prior studies have found higher levels of testosterone among persons who commit violent crimes than among those who commit nonviolent crimes. The present study examined data from 230 male prison inmates to determine how testosterone levels might relate specifically to the way in which inmates committed their crimes. Characteristics of inmate behavior associated with murder, manslaughter, robbery, assault, rape, and child molestation were scored from parole board investigative reports, and inmate testosterone levels were assayed from saliva samples. Among inmates who committed homicide, those high in testosterone more often knew their victims and planned their crimes ahead of time.
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http://bbh.hhdev.psu.edu/labs/behavioral endo lab/penn_state_researchers_study_lin.htm
"Humans may have evolved with testosterone because the hormone is useful in conflict situations. Booth has shown that levels of it rise in chess players, wrestlers and tennis players before a match. Studies have shown that women with high levels of testosterone might choose male-dominated occupations more than other women.
In men, high levels of testosterone are also associated with better health. High-T men are less likely to be obese, for example, and generally have a stronger cardiovascular system.
But in men, who produce about seven times more testosterone than women, too much of the hormone can cause antisocial and risky behavior. High-T men are more likely to commit a crime, according to past studies.
“Men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to be unfaithful, abusive and less close in relationships with their wives,” Booth said. They’re more likely to divorce. Some high-T men aren’t good marriage partners.”
Fathers with high levels of testosterone often don’t have good relationships with their kids, Booth said. But there are many men with high levels of testosterone who do well.
My three-year study is the biggest and most comprehensive of its kind, say researchers Alan Booth, a professor of sociology and human development."
http://tinyurl.com/257pkax
ReplyDeleteTestosterone, crime, and misbehavior among 692 male prison inmates
James M. Dabbs, Jr, Timothy S. Carrb, Robert L. Fradyc and Jasmin K. Riada
Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, U.S.A.
Research Unit, Georgia Department of Corrections, Atlanta, GA 30334, U.S.A.
Diagnostic Unit, Lee Arrendale Correctional Institution, Alto, GA 30596, U.S.A.
28 December 1999
Abstract
Testosterone, crime, and prison behavior were examined among 692 adult male prison inmates. Testosterone was measured from saliva samples, and behavior was coded from prison system records. Inmates who had committed personal crimes of sex and violence had higher testosterone levels than inmates who had committed property crimes of burglary, theft, and drugs. Inmates with higher testosterone levels also violated more rules in prison, especially rules involving overt confrontation. The findings indicate differences between low and high testosterone individuals in the amount and pattern of their misbehavior.
Regarding the "warrior gene":
ReplyDeletehttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1250/2441/
Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association
02-March-2007, Vol 120 No 1250
Monoamine oxidase, addiction, and the “warrior” gene hypothesis
Rod Lea, Geoffrey Chambers
"The monoamine oxidase gene and behavioural traits
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are enzymes responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitters—serotonin, dopamine, and adrenalin—and are therefore capable of affecting mood. Indeed, MAO inhibitors (e.g. moclobemide) can effectively treat symptoms of depression and tobacco dependence. The activity of MAO enzymes can vary among individuals and is influenced by inherited genetic factors. Understanding the genetic variability of MAO activity and the linkage to drug response traits should assist in the design of more effective treatment options for certain clinical disorders.
The MAO genes are located on the X chromosome, thus males inherit only a single maternal copy. In 1997, Sabol et al reported that the MAO-A subtype contains a 30bp repeat polymorphism (MAO-A30bp-rpt) that is associated with transcriptional regulation (i.e. gene function). Hundreds of epidemiological studies of the MAO-A30bp-rpt variant have since been conducted and associations reported with psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and addiction (e.g. tobacco dependence and alcoholism). Studies have also implicated the 3-repeat allele of MAO-A30bp-rpt, postulated to correspond to lower MAO-A activity and higher dopamine levels, with risk-taking and aggressive behaviour traits (see Merriman and Cameron’s article—Risk-taking: behind the warrior gene story—http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1250/…). For the latter reason, Gibbons (2004) dubbed it a “warrior” gene."
...
Ethnic differences in MAO-A allele frequencies
MAO-A30bp-rpt allele frequencies appear to vary substantially between different worldwide ethnic groups (Table 1)
Table 1 [excerpt]. Estimates of MAO-A30bp-rpt (3-repeat) allele frequencies among ethnic groups
Ethnic Group 3-repeat Allele frequency (%)
Caucasian (males) 34%
African (male + female) 59%
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31128684/
ReplyDeleteBoys with ‘warrior gene’ likely to join gangs
Aggressive trait also linked to violence, weapon use, new study finds
Boys who have a so-called "warrior gene" are more likely to join gangs and also more likely to be among the most violent members and to use weapons, a new study finds.
"While gangs typically have been regarded as a sociological phenomenon, our investigation shows that variants of a specific MAOA gene, known as a 'low-activity 3-repeat allele,' play a significant role," said biosocial criminologist Kevin M. Beaver of Florida State University.
In 2006, the controversial warrior gene was implicated in the violence of the indigenous Maori people in New Zealand, a claim that Maori leaders dismissed.
But it's no surprise that genes would be involved in aggression. Aggression is a primal emotion like many others, experts say, and like cooperation, it is part of human nature, something that's passed down genetically. And almost all mammals are aggressive in some way or another, said Craig Kennedy, professor of special education and pediatrics at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, whose research last year suggested that humans crave violence just like they do sex, food or drugs.
"Previous research has linked low-activity MAOA variants to a wide range of antisocial, even violent, behavior, but our study confirms that these variants can predict gang membership," says Beaver, the Florida State researcher. "Moreover, we found that variants of this gene could distinguish gang members who were markedly more likely to behave violently and use weapons from members who were less likely to do either."
Violent traits are hereditary
The MAOA gene affects levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin that are related to mood and behavior, and those variants that are related to violence are hereditary, according to a statement from the university.
The new study examined DNA data and lifestyle information drawn from more than 2,500 respondents to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Beaver and colleagues from Florida State, Iowa State and Saint Louis universities will detail their findings in a forthcoming issue of the journal Comprehensive Psychiatry.
A separate study at Brown University from earlier this year found that individuals with the warrior gene display higher levels of aggression in response to provocation.
Over networked computers, 78 test subjects were asked to cause physical pain to an opponent they believed had taken money from them by administering varying amounts of hot sauce. While the results were not dramatic, low-activity MAOA subjects displayed slightly higher levels of aggression overall, the researchers said.
The Brown University results, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, support previous research suggesting that MAOA influences aggressive behavior, the scientists said.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100506141549.htm
ReplyDeleteNeanderthal Genome Yields Insights Into Human Evolution and Evidence of Interbreeding With Modern Humans
ScienceDaily (May 6, 2010)
After extracting ancient DNA from the 40,000-year-old bones of Neanderthals, scientists have obtained a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome, yielding important new insights into the evolution of modern humans.
Among the findings, published in the May 7 issue of Science, is evidence that shortly after early modern humans migrated out of Africa, some of them interbred with Neanderthals, leaving bits of Neanderthal DNA sequences scattered through the genomes of present-day non-Africans.
...
The researchers identified a catalog of genetic features unique to modern humans by comparing the Neanderthal, human, and chimpanzee genomes. Genes involved in cognitive development, skull structure, energy metabolism, and skin morphology and physiology are among those highlighted in the study as likely to have undergone important changes in recent human evolution.
All Non-Africans Part Neanderthal, Genetics Confirm
ReplyDeleteAnalysis by Jennifer Viegas
Mon Jul 18, 2011 10:25 AM ET
If your heritage is non-African, you are part Neanderthal, according to a new study in the July issue of Molecular Biology and Evolution. Discovery News has been reporting on human/Neanderthal interbreeding for some time now, so this latest research confirms earlier findings.
Damian Labuda of the University of Montreal's Department of Pediatrics and the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center conducted the study with his colleagues. They determined some of the human X chromosome originates from Neanderthals, but only in people of non-African heritage.
"This confirms recent findings suggesting that the two populations interbred," Labuda was quoted as saying in a press release. His team believes most, if not all, of the interbreeding took place in the Middle East, while modern humans were migrating out of Africa and spreading to other regions.
The ancestors of Neanderthals left Africa about 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. They evolved over the millennia mostly in what are now France, Spain, Germany and Russia. They went extinct, or were simply absorbed into the modern human population, about 30,000 years ago.
Neanderthals possessed the gene for language and had sophisticated music, art and tool craftsmanship skills, so they must have not been all that unattractive to modern humans at the time.
"In addition, because our methods were totally independent of Neanderthal material, we can also conclude that previous results were not influenced by contaminating artifacts," Labuda said.
This work goes back to nearly a decade ago, when Labuda and his colleagues identified a piece of DNA, called a haplotype, in the human X chromosome that seemed different. They questioned its origins.
Fast forward to 2010, when the Neanderthal genome was sequenced. The researchers could then compare the haplotype to the Neanderthal genome as well as to the DNA of existing humans. The scientists found that the sequence was present in people across all continents, except for sub-Saharan Africa, and including Australia.
"There is little doubt that this haplotype is present because of mating with our ancestors and Neanderthals," said Nick Patterson of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University. Patterson did not participate in the latest research. He added, "This is a very nice result, and further analysis may help determine more details."
David Reich, a Harvard Medical School geneticist, added, "Dr. Labuda and his colleagues were the first to identify a genetic variation in non-Africans that was likely to have come from an archaic population. This was done entirely without the Neanderthal genome sequence, but in light of the Neanderthal sequence, it is now clear that they were absolutely right!"
The modern human/Neanderthal combo likely benefitted our species, enabling it to survive in harsh, cold regions that Neanderthals previously had adapted to.
"Variability is very important for long-term survival of a species," Labuda concluded. "Every addition to the genome can be enriching."
ttp://tinyurl.com/3jjll35
http://news.discovery.com/human/genetics-neanderthal-110718.html
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-07/uom-grc071411.php
ReplyDeletehttp://tinyurl.com/646ppx7
Public release date: 17-Jul-2011
Contact: William Raillant-Clark
w.raillant-clark@umontreal.ca
514-343-7593
University of Montreal
Genetic research confirms that non-Africans are part Neanderthal
Some of the human X chromosome originates from Neanderthals and is found exclusively in people outside Africa, according to an international team of researchers led by Damian Labuda of the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Montreal and the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center. The research was published in the July issue of Molecular Biology and Evolution.
"This confirms recent findings suggesting that the two populations interbred," says Dr. Labuda. His team places the timing of such intimate contacts and/or family ties early on, probably at the crossroads of the Middle East.
Neanderthals, whose ancestors left Africa about 400,000 to 800,000 years ago, evolved in what is now mainly France, Spain, Germany and Russia, and are thought to have lived until about 30,000 years ago. Meanwhile, early modern humans left Africa about 80,000 to 50,000 years ago. The question on everyone's mind has always been whether the physically stronger Neanderthals, who possessed the gene for language and may have played the flute, were a separate species or could have interbred with modern humans. The answer is yes, the two lived in close association.
"In addition, because our methods were totally independent of Neanderthal material, we can also conclude that previous results were not influenced by contaminating artifacts," adds Dr. Labuda.
Dr. Labuda and his team almost a decade ago had identified a piece of DNA (called a haplotype) in the human X chromosome that seemed different and whose origins they questioned. When the Neanderthal genome was sequenced in 2010, they quickly compared 6000 chromosomes from all parts of the world to the Neanderthal haplotype. The Neanderthal sequence was present in peoples across all continents, except for sub-Saharan Africa, and including Australia.
"There is little doubt that this haplotype is present because of mating with our ancestors and Neanderthals. This is a very nice result, and further analysis may help determine more details," says Dr. Nick Patterson, of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, a major researcher in human ancestry who was not involved in this study.
"Dr. Labuda and his colleagues were the first to identify a genetic variation in non-Africans that was likely to have come from an archaic population. This was done entirely without the Neanderthal genome sequence, but in light of the Neanderthal sequence, it is now clear that they were absolutely right!" adds Dr. David Reich, a Harvard Medical School geneticist, one of the principal researchers in the Neanderthal genome project.
So, speculates Dr. Labuda, did these exchanges contribute to our success across the world? "Variability is very important for long-term survival of a species," says Dr. Labuda. "Every addition to the genome can be enriching." An interesting match, indeed.
Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa
ReplyDelete1. Michael F. Hammer a,b,1,
2. August E. Woerner a,
3. Fernando L. Mendez b,
4. Joseph C. Watkins c, and
5. Jeffrey D. Wall d
+ Author Affiliations
1.
aArizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology,
2.
bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and
3.
cMathematics Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; and
4.
dInstitute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
1.
Edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved July 27, 2011 (received for review June 13, 2011)
Abstract
A long-debated question concerns the fate of archaic forms of the genus Homo: did they go extinct without interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, or are their genes present in contemporary populations? This question is typically focused on the genetic contribution of archaic forms outside of Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data gathered from 61 noncoding autosomal regions in a sample of three sub-Saharan African populations (Mandenka, Biaka, and San) to test models of African archaic admixture. We use two complementary approximate-likelihood approaches and a model of human evolution that involves recent population structure, with and without gene flow from an archaic population. Extensive simulation results reject the null model of no admixture and allow us to infer that contemporary African populations contain a small proportion of genetic material (≈2%) that introgressed ≈35 kya from an archaic population that split from the ancestors of anatomically modern humans ≈700 kya. Three candidate regions showing deep haplotype divergence, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and small basal clade size are identified and the distributions of introgressive haplotypes surveyed in a sample of populations from across sub-Saharan Africa. One candidate locus with an unusual segment of DNA that extends for >31 kb on chromosome 4 seems to have introgressed into modern Africans from a now-extinct taxon that may have lived in central Africa. Taken together our results suggest that polymorphisms present in extant populations introgressed via relatively recent interbreeding with hominin forms that diverged from the ancestors of modern humans in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/29/1109300108
ReplyDeletehttp://tinyurl.com/3dlkm75
Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa
1. Michael F. Hammer a,b,1,
2. August E. Woerner a,
3. Fernando L. Mendez b,
4. Joseph C. Watkins c, and
5. Jeffrey D. Wall d
+ Author Affiliations
1.
aArizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology,
2.
bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and
3.
cMathematics Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; and
4.
dInstitute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
1.
Edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved July 27, 2011 (received for review June 13, 2011)
Abstract
A long-debated question concerns the fate of archaic forms of the genus Homo: did they go extinct without interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, or are their genes present in contemporary populations? This question is typically focused on the genetic contribution of archaic forms outside of Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data gathered from 61 noncoding autosomal regions in a sample of three sub-Saharan African populations (Mandenka, Biaka, and San) to test models of African archaic admixture. We use two complementary approximate-likelihood approaches and a model of human evolution that involves recent population structure, with and without gene flow from an archaic population. Extensive simulation results reject the null model of no admixture and allow us to infer that contemporary African populations contain a small proportion of genetic material (≈2%) that introgressed ≈35 kya from an archaic population that split from the ancestors of anatomically modern humans ≈700 kya. Three candidate regions showing deep haplotype divergence, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and small basal clade size are identified and the distributions of introgressive haplotypes surveyed in a sample of populations from across sub-Saharan Africa. One candidate locus with an unusual segment of DNA that extends for >31 kb on chromosome 4 seems to have introgressed into modern Africans from a now-extinct taxon that may have lived in central Africa. Taken together our results suggest that polymorphisms present in extant populations introgressed via relatively recent interbreeding with hominin forms that diverged from the ancestors of modern humans in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene.
Why are you not approving the article "Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa"?
ReplyDeleteIf you don't approve this post, you are simply proving beyond all doubt that you are intellectually dishonest.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/29/1109300108
http://tinyurl.com/3dlkm75
Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa
1. Michael F. Hammer a,b,1,
2. August E. Woerner a,
3. Fernando L. Mendez b,
4. Joseph C. Watkins c, and
5. Jeffrey D. Wall d
+ Author Affiliations
1.
aArizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology,
2.
bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and
3.
cMathematics Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; and
4.
dInstitute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
1.
Edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved July 27, 2011 (received for review June 13, 2011)
Abstract
A long-debated question concerns the fate of archaic forms of the genus Homo: did they go extinct without interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, or are their genes present in contemporary populations? This question is typically focused on the genetic contribution of archaic forms outside of Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data gathered from 61 noncoding autosomal regions in a sample of three sub-Saharan African populations (Mandenka, Biaka, and San) to test models of African archaic admixture. We use two complementary approximate-likelihood approaches and a model of human evolution that involves recent population structure, with and without gene flow from an archaic population. Extensive simulation results reject the null model of no admixture and allow us to infer that contemporary African populations contain a small proportion of genetic material (≈2%) that introgressed ≈35 kya from an archaic population that split from the ancestors of anatomically modern humans ≈700 kya. Three candidate regions showing deep haplotype divergence, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and small basal clade size are identified and the distributions of introgressive haplotypes surveyed in a sample of populations from across sub-Saharan Africa. One candidate locus with an unusual segment of DNA that extends for >31 kb on chromosome 4 seems to have introgressed into modern Africans from a now-extinct taxon that may have lived in central Africa. Taken together our results suggest that polymorphisms present in extant populations introgressed via relatively recent interbreeding with hominin forms that diverged from the ancestors of modern humans in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene.
On SBPDL you wrote:
ReplyDelete"Furthermore, here is a quick list of technological advances and inventions attributed to black people- The cell phone, the traffic light, the blood bank, The elevator, the gas mask, peanut butter, pencil sharpener, typewriter, refrigerator."
Too bad you are ABSOLUTELY WRONG. You have been fed LIES.
Kindly allow me to prove you totally wrong!
--------
cell phone - Henry T. Sampson in 1971? No!
On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on a "gamma electric cell" that converted a gamma ray input into an electrical output (Among the first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640, 1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to do with cellular communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen the words "electric" and "cell" and thought "cell phone."
The father of the cell phone is Martin Cooper who first demonstrated the technology in 1973.
======
traffic light - Invented by Garrett A. Morgan in 1923? No!
The first known traffic signal appeared in London in 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Designed by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and two gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's two-color version set up in Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system (US patent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland by the American Traffic Signal Company in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced in Detroit beginning in 1920. New York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also in 1920.
Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the first half-hundred patented traffic signals, nor was it "automatic" as is sometimes claimed, nor did it play any part in the evolution of the modern traffic light.
--------------
blood bank - Dr. Charles Drew in 1940? No!
During World War I, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson of the US army preserved blood in a citrate-glucose solution and stored it in cooled containers for later transfusion. This was the first use of "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the Russians had set up a national network of facilities for the collection, typing, and storage of blood. Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian program, established the first hospital blood bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Hospital in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See "highlights of transfusion history" from the American Association of Blood Banks.
http://www.aabb.org/all_about_blood/FAQs/aabb_faqs.htm#8
============
pencil sharpener - John Lee Love in 1897? No!
ReplyDeleteBernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary and turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of the pencil and shaved it into a point.
Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a stirring motion. An earlier device of a similar type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."
Here are several other examples of 19th century sharpeners:
http://www.officemuseum.com/pencil_sharpeners.htm
http://www.officemuseum.com/sharpener_gallery_1800s.htm
-------------------
typewriter - L.S. Burridge & N.R. Marshman in 1885? No!
Henry Mill, an English engineer, was the first person to patent the basic idea of the typewriter in 1714. The first working typewriter known to have actually been built was the work of Pellegrino Turri of Italy in 1808. The familiar QWERTY keyboard, developed by C. L. Sholes and C. Glidden, reached the market in 1874. In 1878 change-case keys were added that enabled the typing of both capital and small letters.
===========
refrigerator -
Thomas Elkins in 1879? John Stanard in 1891? No!
Oliver Evans proposed a mechanical refrigerator based on a vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had a working machine built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created an air-cycle refrigeration system in about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital. In the 1850s Alexander Twining in the USA and James Harrison in Australia used mechanical refrigeration to produce ice on a commercial scale. Around the same time, the Carré brothers of France led the development of absorption refrigeration systems.
Stanard's patent describes not a refrigeration machine, but an old-fashioned icebox — an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool the interior. As such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins created a similarly low-tech cooler, acknowledging in his patent #221222 that "I am aware that chilling substances inclosed within a porous box or jar by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known process.
Apologies to the Sbpdl people for being late on their comments. For whatever reason a lot of what you all have been posting has been coming up as spam. I am preparing a response to much of this information that im sure you all will love so stay tuned.
ReplyDeleteReally quickly i want to adress all this stuff about neandrethals and early modern humans. From what i can surmise, there is a small genetic difference (most said somwhere between 1-4%) between all non blacks that and Those of more direct african descent.
ReplyDeleteUnless im reading this wrong i dont see how this proves that there is a significant genetic difference between the ethnicities? In effect what you are saying is that we are 95% alike on a genetic level. Instead of posting a bunch of abstracts why dont you find some study that actually says that there is a big genetic difference between us that would explain some of your more outlandish claims. All you are showing are studies on genetics and proposing that they somehow show this.
“why dont you find some study that actually says that there is a big genetic difference between us that would explain some of your more outlandish claims.”
ReplyDeleteNow you're moving the goalposts, especially using terms without a defined meaning in this context (what is a "big" genetic difference, vs. what's sufficient to affect behavior?) That allows you to continue to equivocate, which is intellectually dishonest.
The conclusions of the race realists were quite sufficiently supported by what an honest and enlightened modern person would call "epidemiological evidence" several hundred years ago. If the people who drink water from a particular pump are getting a certain disease at a disproportionate rate, it is essentially proven that something in that water is causing the disease. People of African descent have low intellectual accomplishment and violent behavior at a disproportionate rate. It was proven beyond any doubt that this is genetic long before the discovery of DNA.
Now we're proving exactly which genes these are (like the MAOA variant). Yet you will still deny that this is due to African heritage... which ironically provides another demonstration of Black intellectual inferiority (backed up by leftist dishonesty).
I probably should have used the word substantial or significant. Still, i think i get your point about genetics, but i find it hard to reconcile with the argument you are presenting as a whole. Also i don't think you get my point at all.
ReplyDeleteI have seen the studies you presented along with some more aggressively pro white studies from guys like Rushton and another scholar whose name eludes me. At face value I am more than willing to recognize that genetic differences between Blacks and whites could logically lead to the conclusion that on a genetic level whites are likely to posses higher levels for intellectual abilities and all of the traits associated with them. This is especially true within the context of white culture to which everything else is judged. (this is a whole separate issue with your point by the way)
What I don't see proven from this conclusion is that these genetic traits represent the most substantial(IE biggest) reason for the problems of black people today and in the past. In fact your claim of "epidemiological evidence" being the smoking gun for this theory is severely hurt its plausibility. Is it not a fact that white cultures world wide throughout history have been responsible for more wars, deaths, and genocides than any other ethnic group by a pretty substantial margin?
You claim that these genes within black people are what make us prone to violence, criminal activity, bad parenting etc(again judged within the context of white social structure). If this is the case, what genetic trait made the vikings the ultra violent force they were? What about the warrior culture of Spartans and many other militaristic regimes within the Greek and Roman empire? What about the British oppression of the Irish, the Russian oppression of its own people, the holocaust, the Spanish inquisition, the Aborigines and so on. Furthermore, im not even going to bother touching on the horrors of European imperialism into Africa, the transatlantic slave trade, American chattle slavery, and destruction of Native Americans during westward expansion.
Now according to your "epidemiological evidence" position, the only explanation for this type of behavior would have to be a genetic trait within your code that makes you all prone to such acts. OR as is my opinion, the core element to predicting such behavior (as well at the only element that can be altered and controlled) is culture and environment. Now im smart enough to know that just because Jeffrey Dahmer and pretty much every major serial killer, serial rapist, child molester, school shooter, etc has been white, it doesnt mean that white people are naturally prone to such activities on a genetic level. Why doesnt "race realism" come to the same logical conclusion?
ReplyDeleteIn the end it is pretty clear that these genes that indicate that blacks are prone to these behaviors are not the defining elements of who we are, especially if the surrounding culture does not embrace such behavior. Despite the unsubstantiated claims of a "rise in black on white violence" and other fallacious statements coming from sbpdl commentators, the majority of black people are not committing crimes or in prison. In fact common sense and statistics obviously show that black criminals much like all criminals are a minority among civilized people.
Dont get me wrong, it is clear that blacks represent a highly disproportionate amount of criminal activity in this country. Based on that statement you could reasonably and responsibly say that a criminal has a 50% chance of being black. However if 1 in 10 black men will be imprisoned at some point in their life (again a sad an ugly statistic) you still could not responsibly say that a black person has a 50% chance to be a criminal.
This statistic in fact means that roughly 90% of black men are somehow managing not to kill, rob, or beat anyone despite this gene that supposedly requires us to do so. In fact over the last 50 plus years black quality of life in America has been a net gain and violent crime nationwide has decreased in the last two decades.
This is why "race realism" is greatly misguided as it completely ignores that various other factors are much more responsible for these problems than mere genetics. This doesnt mean that there isnt a place for a genetic discussion as it pertains to race, but in the end the typical "race realist" is basically using cherry picked research to promote white supremacy.
My main point with these studies is that although there is some validity to their points about a few distinct genes and testosterone and IQ etc. Alone, these facts fall very short of explain the problem and fall even shorter of providing a feasible real world solution.